These are the territories that Eleazar the priest, Joshua son of Nun, and the tribal leaders allocated as grants of land to the tribes of Israel by casting sacred lots in the presence of the LORD at the entrance of the Tabernacle at Shiloh. So the division of the land was completed. [Joshua 19.51]
"Sacred lots" is used around 24 times in the Bible. The last usage of the sacred lots is recorded in the time of Ezra and Nehemiah when the exiles returned from Babylon to Judah.
We might conclude that the use of sacred lots was a practice of random chance, but there is one instance in the Bible that clearly indicates that it was not. It was after the LORD had abandoned King Saul:
He asked the LORD what he should do, but the LORD refused to answer him, either by dreams or by sacred lots or by the prophets. [1 Samuel 28.6]
This passage confirms that "sacred lots" was more involved that just random chance. In fact, "sacred lots" had nothing to do with chance. There was an unmistakable participation by God in the process (whatever it was). In other words, without God's miraculous participation, "sacred lots" simply did not work.
We also know that "sacred lots" involved two pieces, the Urim and Thummim.
Moses said this about the tribe of Levi: “O LORD, you have given your Thummim and Urim—the sacred lots— to your faithful servants the Levites. You put them to the test at Massah and struggled with them at the waters of Meribah. [Deuteronomy 33.8]
Furthermore we know from Scripture that the Urim and Thummin were of a size that enabled them both to be carried together in a pouch on the high priest's chest.
“Then, with great skill and care, make a chestpiece to be worn for seeking a decision from God. Make it to match the ephod, using finely woven linen embroidered with gold and with blue, purple, and scarlet thread. Make the chestpiece of a single piece of cloth folded to form a pouch nine inches square. Mount four rows of gemstones on it. The first row will contain a red carnelian, a pale-green peridot, and an emerald. The second row will contain a turquoise, a blue lapis lazuli, and a white moonstone. The third row will contain an orange jacinth, an agate, and a purple amethyst. The fourth row will contain a blue-green beryl, an onyx, and a green jasper. All these stones will be set in gold filigree. Each stone will represent one of the twelve sons of Israel, and the name of that tribe will be engraved on it like a seal. “To attach the chestpiece to the ephod, make braided cords of pure gold thread. Then make two gold rings and attach them to the top corners of the chestpiece. Tie the two gold cords to the two rings on the chestpiece. Tie the other ends of the cords to the gold settings on the shoulder-pieces of the ephod. Then make two more gold rings and attach them to the inside edges of the chestpiece next to the ephod. And make two more gold rings and attach them to the front of the ephod, below the shoulder-pieces, just above the knot where the decorative sash is fastened to the ephod. Then attach the bottom rings of the chestpiece to the rings on the ephod with blue cords. This will hold the chestpiece securely to the ephod above the decorative sash. “In this way, Aaron will carry the names of the tribes of Israel on the sacred chestpiece over his heart when he goes into the Holy Place. This will be a continual reminder that he represents the people when he comes before the LORD. Insert the Urim and Thummim into the sacred chestpiece so they will be carried over Aaron’s heart when he goes into the LORD’s presence. In this way, Aaron will always carry over his heart the objects used to determine the LORD’s will for his people whenever he goes in before the LORD. [Exodus 28.15-30]
Another interesting bit of information is that the Urim specifically could be (and was) used independently of the Thummin.
Then Moses said to the LORD, “O LORD, you are the God who gives breath to all creatures. Please appoint a new man as leader for the community. Give them someone who will guide them wherever they go and will lead them into battle, so the community of the LORD will not be like sheep without a shepherd.” The LORD replied, “Take Joshua son of Nun, who has the Spirit in him, and lay your hands on him. Present him to Eleazar the priest before the whole community, and publicly commission him to lead the people. Transfer some of your authority to him so the whole community of Israel will obey him. When direction from the LORD is needed, Joshua will stand before Eleazar the priest, who will use the Urim—one of the sacred lots cast before the LORD—to determine his will. This is how Joshua and the rest of the community of Israel will determine everything they should do.” [Numbers 27.15-21]
Now, there is a key phrase in the passage above that is used more than once in the Bible. The most important usage of the phrase was regarding Jesus Christ.
Jesus traveled through all the towns and villages of that area, teaching in the synagogues and announcing the Good News about the Kingdom. And he healed every kind of disease and illness. When he saw the crowds, he had compassion on them because they were confused and helpless, like sheep without a shepherd. He said to his disciples, “The harvest is great, but the workers are few. So pray to the Lord who is in charge of the harvest; ask him to send more workers into his fields.” [Matthew 9.35-38]
Numbers 27.15-21 indicates that Joshua, a man with access to the miraculous power and direction of the Urim, would prevent Israel from being like sheep without a shepherd. Matthew 9.35-38 indicates that Jesus, a man with access to miraculous power and direction through the Holy Spirit, pointed out the need to pray for "more workers in the fields" to remedy the universal sheep without a shepherd problem. "More workers in the fields" can only be those submitted to Jesus Christ to take the miraculous power and direction of the Holy Spirit to all the world that God loves and desires to save (John 3.16), just like Jesus.
“I tell you the truth, anyone who believes in me will do the same works I have done, and even greater works, because I am going to be with the Father. [John 14.12]
What I see here is that God does not want people to be like sheep without a shepherd. As is consistent throughout the Bible, the remedy for this condition is a man with access to miraculous power and direction - sacred lots. "Sacred lots" speaks of God's indisputable direction, and therefore, power. Moses, Joshua, Jesus, and finally, Jesus' followers were and are God's workers sent into His fields. Moses and Joshua foreshadowed Jesus as God's workers sent into His fields. Jesus is God working His fields. And, Jesus' followers are His extension up to and beyond today of God's workers sent into His fields.
I believe there is a great foreshadowing of Jesus and His followers in the Urim and Thummin (used as sacred lots). The Holy Spirit undoubtedly plays the key role in this. It remains unclear to me at this time, but I am confident, as I continue to intentionally absorb God's Word, that clarity will come. And, I look forward to it!
Father, although I am unclear on some details, I am confident that the Urim and Thummin represent Your unexplainable power necessary to confirm any man who is truly a worker in Your fields. I am also confident that that power is sacred and holy, and therefore is not available to anyone involved in idolatry. Wow. May I be found giving up my own way, taking up my cross, and following Jesus as a worker in Your fields. May Your unexplainable power identify every worker (including myself) genuinely sent into Your fields. So be it.